gradient - the slope of a pipe, surface, or road over a horizontal distance, usually expressed as the number of inches rising or falling per foot of horizontal distance. In the special case of a sloped roof, the gradient is called pitch and is expressed as the drop in feet per each 12 feet of roof length. For example, a roof can be said to have a "4 in 12" pitch, meaning that the surface of the roof drops 4 feet vertically for each 12 feet it extends horizontally.

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